Instructional
mathematical design is a practice of creating students’ mathematical experiences
which make the acquisition of knowledge and skill more efficient, effective,
and appealing. The
purpose of a learning design is to achieve the best solution in solving the
problem by utilizing a number of information available. Thus, a design emerged
as the human need to solve a problem faced. There are four basic components in
the planning of instructional design. The fourth term represents the following
questions:
1.
Characteristics
of students or teaching participants
2.
Destination
3.
Learning
strategies
4.
Evaluation
procedures
An
instructional design consists of instructional design in general and design of
teaching learning mathematics. The elements of instructional design in general
are various or type; background or the philosophy; and also the example. The
elements of design of teaching learning mathematics are various or type;
background; example; comparison or reach marking; and appropriate design.
Before
a teacher starts to teach in a class, first he must determine the philosophy,
nature; method; and ethic or esthetics, and also the psychology of mathematics.
After that he can teach the students that can be in innovative learning or
traditional learning. During teaching learning processes there are many aspects
that influence it. They are class management, theory or paradigm, context or
culture, assessment, learning resources (textbook), philosophy; pedagogy;
psychology, media or teaching aid, students worksheet, curriculum or syllabi
(lesson plan), method or approach, and also class management. Teacher also must
be pay attention on the references and implementation of the learning process. The
references consist of formal object and mathematics object. For example to
reach an international level, there are some process start from publishing,
objective mathematics, reflecting, subjective mathematics, criticizing, and
back to publishing.
Here,
I will explain about the learning resources, media or teaching aid and
students’ worksheet. Learning
resources are all good sources of data, people, and the particular form that
can be used by learners in learning, either separately or be combined to
facilitate learners in achieving learning goals or achieve a certain
competence.
There
are two types of learning resources:
-
Learning
resources are designed (learning resources, by design), the learning resources
that are specifically designed or developed as a component of an instructional
system to provide facilities directed learning and formal.
-
Learning
resources are used (learning resources, by utilization), the learning resources
that are not designed specifically for the purpose of learning and its
existence can be found, implemented and utilized for the purposes of learning.
This learning resources may take from:
a. Message: information, teaching materials, etc
b. People: teachers, students, etc
c. Materials: books, pictures, etc
d. Tools or equipment : computer, white board, etc
e. Approaches, methods, techniques of solving problems
f. Environment: class, library
Thus, we can conclude that learning resources can be
come from many ways, not only based on books and teacher’s note like
traditional methods.
Teaching aids is a tool used by teachers,
facilitator, or tutors to help learners improve reading and other skills,
illustrate or reinforce a skill, fact, or idea and relieve anxiety, fears, or
boredom, since many teaching aids are like games.
The aim of teaching aid is to motivate the students
to apply his full attention to materials. There are many kinds of teaching
aids; they are mathematics card, interactive presentation, worksheet, etc.
One of the characteristics of innovative learning is
developing student’s worksheet. It caused the paradigm of learning is learning
mathematics is doing some exercises. So we need teaching aids, and on of
teaching aids is student’s worksheet.
Student’s worksheet or LKS is a worksheet that contains the information
and command/instruction from teachers to students to do a learning activity in
the form of work, practice, or in form of the application of learning outcomes
to achieve a goal.
A good student’s worksheet must complete the
characteristics of worksheet, which is student’s worksheet can promote students
to construct their own knowledge of mathematics. On developing student’s
worksheet, teacher can use discovery methods, they are structure guide
discovery and unstructured guide discovery. So, a student’s worksheet is not
only collection of many exercises.
Then,
there are four steps in developing good student’s worksheet:
a.
Determining the
instructional aims by analyzing the students by identify who are our students
and knowing the character of our students
b.
Collects the
materials that we need based on instructional aims
c.
Arranging the
students worksheet, at least there are materials, tasks, and exercises
d.
Checking the
student’s worksheet is it consistent with the instructional aim or not.